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- <text id=93CT1633>
- <title>
- Bahrain--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Bahrain
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Bahrain was the site of the ancient civilization of Dilman,
- which flourished as a trading center in the period 200-1800 B.C.
- Since the late 18th century, Bahrain has been governed by the
- Khalifa family, originally of the Utayba clan of the large
- Anaiza tribal confederation of the Arabian Peninsula. The
- Khalifa family also claimed sovereignty over Qatar and a member
- of that family habitually resided at Al Dawhah (Doha), the
- capital of Qatar. This political relationship persisted until
- 1868, when, at the request of Qatari nobles, the British
- negotiated the termination of the Bahraini claim, except for
- the payment of tribute. The tribute ended with the occupation
- of Qatar by the Ottoman Turks in 1872.
- </p>
- <p> The ruler of Bahrain entered into relations with the United
- Kingdom in 1905, and the first treaty between the two parties
- was signed in 1920. A binding treaty of protection was concluded
- in 1861 and further revised in 1892 and 1951. This treaty was
- similar to those entered into by the British Government with
- other Persian Gulf principalities. It specified that the ruler
- could not dispose of any of his territory except to the United
- Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign
- government other than the United Kingdom without British
- consent. The British promised to protect Bahrain from all
- aggression by sea and to lend its good offices in case of land
- attack.
- </p>
- <p> After World War II, Bahrain became the center for British
- administration of treaty obligations in the lower Persian Gulf
- area. When the British Government announced its decision in
- 1968 (reaffirmed in March 1971) to end the treaty relationships
- with the Persian Gulf sheikhdoms, Bahrain joined the other eight
- states (Qatar and the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, the latter now
- called the United Arab Emirates) under British protection in an
- effort to form a union of Arab emirates. By mid-1971, however,
- the nine sheikhdoms still had not agreed on terms of union, and
- the termination date (end of 1971) of the British treaty
- relationship, was approaching. Accordingly, Bahrain sought
- independence as a separate entity and became fully independent
- on August 15. 1971, as the State of Bahrain.
- </p>
- <p> In May 1973, the emir enacted a new constitution, setting up
- an experimental parliamentary system and protecting individual
- liberties. In August 1975, however, the government disbanded the
- National Assembly. No date has been announced for the
- reintroduction of representative institutions.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Bahrain is a constitutional emirate under the rule of the
- Al-Khalifa family. The Amir, Sheikh lsa bin Sulman Al-Khalifa,
- and his brother, Prime Minister Khalifa bin Sulman Al-Khalifa,
- govern Bahrain in consultation with a Council of Ministers.
- </p>
- <p> Provisions of the 1973 constitution called for the emir,
- upon consultations, to appoint a Council of Ministers headed by
- a prime minister. The Council of Ministers functioned as an
- executive and was responsible to the popularly elected National
- Assembly.
- </p>
- <p> Bahrain was governed under this system until the summer of
- 1975, when the emir exercised his constitutional authority to
- disband the Assembly. In doing so, he reported to the Bahraini
- people on the danger to national security stemming from several
- instances of alleged subversive activity of some Assembly
- members. He promised the Bahrainis prompt action on housing
- improvements and curbing inflation. Subsequently, he reorganized
- the government and established a Ministry of Housing.
- </p>
- <p> Bahrain's six towns and cities are administered by one
- central Municipal Council, the members of which are appointed
- by the emir. The courts administer the legal code and review the
- laws to ensure their constitutionality.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- December 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-